Hybrid muscular ventricular septal defect closure: Literature and results

Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common congenital cardiac malformation at birth, with an incidence reported in literature between 15 and 40 % of total congenital heart diseases. They are usually an isolated finding; however, they can be also associated to complex congenital heart diseases [1, 2]. VSDs may be also a mechanical complication of myocardial infarction, with an incidence reported in literature of 0.26 %