Understanding others' regret: a FMRI study

Previous studies showed that the understanding of others’ basic emotional experiences is based on a ‘‘resonant’’
mechanism, i.e., on the reactivation, in the observer’s brain, of the cerebral areas associated with those experiences. The
present study aimed to investigate whether the same neural mechanism is activated both when experiencing and attending
complex, cognitively-generated, emotions. A gambling task and functional-Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging (fMRI) were used
to test this hypothesis using regret, the negative cognitively-based emotion resulting from an unfavorable counterfactual
comparison between the outcomes of chosen and discarded options. Do the same brain structures that mediate the
experience of regret become active in the observation of situations eliciting regret in another individual? Here we show that
observing the regretful outcomes of someone else’s choices activates the same regions that are activated during a firstperson
experience of regret, i.e. the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus. These
results extend the possible role of a mirror-like mechanism beyond basic emotions.