Targeting mucosal healing in Crohn’s disease: efficacy of novel pathways and therapeutic targets

IntroductionCrohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the entire gastrointestinal tract with a progressive and relapsing course. Achieving mucosal healing has emerged as a critical therapeutic goal, as it is associated with sustained clinical remission, reduced hospitalizations, and fewer surgery rates. Therefore, targeting mucosal healing is essential for long-term control in CD.Areas coveredThis review evaluates the efficacy of novel biologic therapies and small molecules in inducing mucosal healing, specifically targeting pathways like IL-12/23, IL-23, alpha 4 beta 7 integrins, Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) in adults (>= 18 years) with moderate-to-severe CD. The rationale for selecting these specific pathways is their central role in modulating key inflammatory processes implicated in CD pathogenesis. We compare these therapies with placebo for both induction and maintenance of remission, based on a PubMed literature review for published articles and ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing trials.Expert opinionUpadacitinib and anti-IL23p19 agents (risankizumab, guselkumab and mirikizumab) are promising advanced non-TNF-targeting therapies for inducing endoscopic remission and mucosal healing but further studies are needed to integrate mucosal healing into a broader definition of endoscopic response, with a unified and precise definition.