Risk of HIV viral rebound in HIV infected patients on direct acting antivirals (DAAs) treatment for HCV

Background The dynamic of HIV-viral load (VL) remains poorly investigated in HIV/HCV patients under direct acting antivirals (DAAs). Methods We retrospectively evaluated HIV-VL at baseline (BL) during and up to 24 weeks post-DAAs in a cohort of 305 HIV-1/HCV patients, on ART and with no HIV virological failure (VF) in the 6 months before treatment with DAAs; during the period of observation VF was defined as confirmed VL≥50 copies/mL; virological blips (VB, transient, not confirmed, VL ≥50 copies/mL). Stepwise Cox regression models were fitted to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) of VF. Results Fifteen VF occurred in 13 patients over 187 person-years of follow-up (PYFU): Incidence rate (IR) of 8.0 per 100-PYFU (95% CI = 4.0-12.1); 29 VBs were detected in 26 patients over 184 PYFU: IR = 15.8 per 100-PYFU (95% CI = 10.0-21.5). The most prominent factor associated with VF was the presence of BL HIV residual viremia (RV = HIV-RNA detectable but not precisely quantifiable) [aHR = 12.26 (95% CI = 3.74-40.17), P<0.0001]. Other factors were ≥1 VBs in the 6 months before DAAs [aHR = 6.95 (95% CI = 1.77-27.37) P = 0.006] number of ART regimens failed before DAAs initiation [aHR (per more regimen) = 1.22 (95% CI = 1.04-1.42), P = 0.012] and age [aHR (per year older) = 1.16 (95% CI = 1.04-1.29), P = 0.010]. Conclusions Our findings underline the importance for close monitoring HIV-VL in selected patients. Whether this phenomenon is triggered by the rapid clearance of HCV remains to be established.