HIV cure-related research: where we stand and where we go

This review outlines the progress and challenges in HIV cure research, with a particular focus on gene therapy, latency-reversing agents (LRAs), immunotherapy, and stem cell transplants. The objective of these advances is to achieve either a sterilizing or a functional cure, whereby the virus is either eradicated or controlled without the need for ongoing treatment. Gene editing tools, such as CRISPR-Cas9, have demonstrated the potential to remove HIV DNA from cells. LRAs, on the other hand, aim to reactivate latent virus, thereby rendering it susceptible to treatment or immune clearance. Immunotherapy, including therapeutic vaccines and broadly neutralizing antibodies, aims to enhance the immune response to HIV. However, achieving long-term suppression without antiretroviral therapy remains a significant challenge. Stem cell transplants have resulted in instances of remission; however, the methodology is intricate, perilous, and viable solely for patients with particular medical requirements. Each approach encounters challenges pertaining to safety, administration, and accessibility. In sum, while considerable advancement has been achieved, a combination of therapeutic strategies and further innovations are imperative for the development of a sustainable, widely accessible HIV cure.